未必是什么意思
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 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Dutch on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Dutch in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ? ?, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Dutch pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See Dutch phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Dutch as well as dialectal variations not represented here.
Most audios are from three different speakers : ? has a Randstadian accent (Utrecht, Netherlands) , ? speaks in a fairly conservative standard accent (Zwaag, Netherlands) and ? is from the Brabantine region (Antwerp, Belgium).
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See also
[edit]- Category:Pages with Dutch IPA (4,495)
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i Generally, the southern varieties preserve the /f/–/v/, /x/–/?/ and /s/–/z/ contrasts.[1][2] Southern /x/, /?/ may be also somewhat more front, i.e. post-palatal (?).[2] In the north, these are far less stable: most speakers merge /x/ and /?/ into a post-velar [x?] (?) or uvular [χ] (?);[1][2] most Netherlandic Standard Dutch speakers lack a consistent /f/–/v/ contrast.[2] In some accents, e.g. Amsterdam, /s/ and /z/ are also not distinguished.[2] /zj/ [?] and /dj/ [d?] often join this neutralization by merging with /sj/ [?], /tj/ [t?].[3] In some accents, /?/ is also devoiced to [h]. See also Hard and soft G in Dutch.
- ^ a b c d e /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the following consonant: before bilabials, it is [m] (merging with /m/), before labiodentals, it is [?] (also merging with /m/, which is labiodental in this position), before palatals, it is [?] (merging with /nj/), whereas before velars, it is [?] (merging with /?/). In phrases, /n/ alone is affected, as in in Parijs [?m pa??r?is] 'in Paris', whereas /m/ stays bilabial even before labiodentals.[4][5]
- ^ a b c Dutch devoices all obstruents at the ends of words (e.g. a final /d/ becomes [t]). This is partly reflected in the spelling: the voiced ?z? in plural huizen ('houses') becomes huis ('house') in singular, and duiven ('doves') becomes duif ('dove'). The other cases are always written with the voiced consonant, even though a devoiced one is actually pronounced: the voiced ?d? in plural baarden [?ba?rd?(n)] ('beards') is retained in the singular spelling baard ('beard'), but pronounced as /ba?rt/; and plural ribben /?r?b?(n)/ ('ribs') has singular rib, pronounced as [r?p]. Because of assimilation, often the initial consonant of the next word is also devoiced, e.g. het vee ('the cattle') is [??t ?fe?]
- ^ a b The realization of the /r/ phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In "standard" Dutch, /r/ is realized as coronal rhotics [r~?~r??] or various post-velar continuants regrouped under the uvular trill [?]. In the syllable coda, a velar bunched approximant [??] is very common in the Netherlands,[6] e.g. Nederlanders ('Dutchmen') ?.
- ^ The realization of the /?/ phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In the north of the Netherlands, it is a labiodental approximant [?], or even a voiced labiodental fricative [v]. In the south of the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is pronounced as a bilabial approximant [β?], and Standard Surinamese Dutch uses the labiovelar approximant [w].[7][8]
- ^ a b c d e The alveolo-palatal affricates [t?] and [d?], the fricatives [?] and [?], and the nasal [?] are allophones of the sequences /tj/, /dj/, /sj/, /zj/ and /nj/. [?] also occurs as an allophone of /n/ before /tj/ (realized as [t?]).[9] [d?] and [?] occur only in loanwords.[3]
- ^ /ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Dutch and only occurs in loanwords where it can be replaced with /k, ?/, like goal. It also appears with the assimilation of /k/,[10] like in dikbekfuut ?.
- ^ The glottal stop [?] is indicated sparingly in Dutch transcriptions on Wikipedia: it is mandatorily inserted between [a?] and [?] and a syllable-initial vowel, both within words and at word boundaries.[11] Often, it is also inserted before phrase-initial vowels or before any word-initial vowel.[12] This is not indicated in most of our transcriptions.
- ^ After the schwa, the final /n/ is frequently elided, so that maken is often pronounced [?ma?k?], especially in non-prevocalic environments. The nasal may be retained before vowels, yielding a linking /n/. An intrusive /n/ may also occur, as in the phrase red je 't? [?r?t??n?t]. In stems ending in /?n/ (such as teken [?te?k?n] 'I draw') and in the indefinite article een /?n/ the nasal is always retained, except when it is degeminated, but when an additional /?n/ is added to the stem (yielding the infinitive form or the present tense plural form), it behaves regularly, as in tekenen [?te?k?n?(n)] 'to draw' or 'we/you/they draw'. Furthermore, an epenthetic schwa can be inserted between /l/ or /r/ and /m, p, k, f, x/ (in the case of /r/ alone also /n/) within the same morpheme. This is found in all types of Dutch, standard or otherwise. However, in Standard Dutch, it is limited to non-prevocalic clusters. In dialects, it can be generalized to all environments and it can also apply to the sequence /r?/, so that morgen 'morning', pronounced [?m?r??(n)] in Standard Dutch, is pronounced [?m?r???(n)].[13]
- ^ a b The "checked" vowels /ɑ/, /?/, /?/, /?/, and /?/ occur only in historically closed syllables, while their "free" counterparts /a?/, /e?/, /i/, /o?/, and /y/, as well as the other vowels, can occur in both open and closed syllables.
- ^ Brabantian which distinguishes non-mid vowels primarly by length[citation needed], has a central [?] where standard has a rather back one.[14][15]
- ^ a b c d e For most speakers of Netherlandic Standard Dutch, the long close-mid vowels /e?/, /??/ and /o?/ are realised as slightly closing diphthongs ?, ? and ?, unless they precede /r/ within the same syllable.[14][16] The closing diphthongs also appear in certain Belgian dialects, e.g. the one of Bruges, but not in Belgian Standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology#Monophthongs for more details.
- ^ a b c d e f Found in loanwords.[17]
- ^ Mainly found in loanwords.[18] With the notable exeption of blèren.
- ^ a b c Found in loanwords as a separate phoneme, and as an allophone of its shorter counterpart before /r/ in both native and non-native words,[19] just as other free vowels. Compare auditively ? 'shear(s)', with ? 'skate'
- ^ In Belgium, /??/ tends to be pronounced the same as /o?/.[20]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b Gussenhoven (1999), p. 74.
- ^ a b c d e Collins & Mees (2003), p. 48.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees 2003, p. 202.
- ^ Booij (1999), pp. 64–5.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 214–5.
- ^ Collins & Mees 2003, pp. 199–200.
- ^ Collins & Mees 2003, pp. 198–9.
- ^ Booij (1999), p. 8.
- ^ Collins & Mees 2003, pp. 191, 193, 196.
- ^ Collins & Mees 2003, pp. 193, 201–2.
- ^ Gussenhoven 1999, p. 75.
- ^ Collins & Mees 2003, p. 194.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 197, 201, 216–7.
- ^ a b Gussenhoven (1999), p. 76.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 104, 128, 132–3.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 133–4.
- ^ Collins & Mees 2003, p. 127, 138.
- ^ Collins & Mees 2003, p. 127.
- ^ Collins & Mees 2003, p. 127, 132.
- ^ Collins & Mees 2003, p. 138.
Sources
[edit]- Booij, Geert (1999). The Phonology of Dutch. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-823869-X.
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition, ISBN 9004103406
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77, ISBN 0-521-65236-7